A field assessment in the vicinity of Bir Lahlou, Tifariti and the berms revealed that the densest concentrations of mines are in front of the berms. Annual demonstrations against the Moroccan Wall are staged in the region by Sahrawis and international activists from Spain, Italy, and other mainly European countries. On 18 December 2019, the Comoros became the first nation to open a consulate in Laayoune in support of Moroccan claims to Western Sahara. According Isidoros "lies appear to play some peculiar importance in this report". War and conflict has led to major population displacement. The government has encouraged citizens to relocate to the territory by giving subsidies and price controls on basic goods. It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. Western Sahara's economy is based almost entirely on fishing, which employs two-thirds of its workforce, with mining, agriculture and tourism providing modest additional income. [110] The importance and prevalence of Spanish has persisted to the present day, even after Spanish withdrawal from Western Sahara in 1976, due to various education exchanges and host programs for Sahrawi children to Spain and Cuba.[112]. Lexington Books, 2015, most sparsely populated territories in the world, United Nations list of non-self-governing territories, Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets, Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs, Morocco establishing relations with Israel, Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara, International Federation for Human Rights, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1979, President of the Polisario proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Museum of the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army, Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, List of national border changes since World War I, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During Its Twentieth Session – Resolution 2072 (XX) – Question of Ifni and Spanish Sahara", "Milestones in the Western Sahara conflict", "Documento de Trabajo núm. The new king, Mohammed VI of Morocco, opposes any referendum on independence, and has said Morocco will never agree to one: "We shall not give up one inch of our beloved Sahara, not a grain of its sand."[33]. The total land area is 266,000 Km2 (102,703 sq. The native population—which numbers around 570,000—are known as Sahrawis and the majority religion is Islam. "[103] After pressures from corporate ethics-groups, Total S.A. pulled out in late 2004. [55] Both Morocco and the Polisario additionally accuse each other of violating the human rights of the populations under their control, in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara and the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, respectively. [115] Women were key for establishing alliances through marriage, being that the Sahrawi culture values monogamy, with their tribe and to others. Meanwhile, Polisario still insisted on a referendum with independence as a clear option, without offering a solution to the problem of who is qualified to be registered to participate in it. State religion is Islam. These 86,425 Sahrawis were dispersed between Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara and the refugee camps in Algeria, with smaller numbers in Mauritania and other places of exile. [98], Due to the disputed nature of Moroccan sovereignty over the territory, the application of international accords to Western Sahara is highly ambiguous. [26][27] Hostilities ceased in a 1991 cease-fire, overseen by the peacekeeping mission MINURSO, under the terms of a UN Settlement Plan. [19][20] The Beni Hassan then were at constant war with the Lamtuna nomadic Berbers of the Sahara. Morocco has won support for its position from several African governments and from most of the Muslim world and Arab League. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north. It gradually contained the guerrillas by setting up the extensive sand-berm in the desert (known as the Border Wall or Moroccan Wall) to exclude guerrilla fighters. [44] United Nations MINURSO forces are also present in the area. [48] As part of the Moroccan-Israeli normalisation deal, the United States established a temporary consulate post in Dakhla in January 2021 as a transition to establishing a permanent consulate within the near future.[49][50]. The last elections to the parliament's lower house were deemed reasonably free and fair by international observers. ARTifariti, the International Art and Human Rights Meeting in Western Sahara, is an annual art workshop set up in the Liberated Zone and refugee camps, specifically in Tifariti, that brings artists from all over the world. Western Sahara, territory occupying an extensive desert Atlantic-coastal area of northwest Africa. [4] It is the most populous territory on that list, and by far the largest in area. The Sahrawis are traditionally nomadic Bedouins with a lifestyle very similar to that of the Tuareg Berbers from whom Sahrawis most likely have descended, and they can be found in all surrounding countries. It is presently based at the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, which it controls. The Western Sahara Population (Live) counter shows a continuously updated estimate of the current population of Western Sahara delivered by Worldometer's RTS algorithm, which processes data collected from the United Nations Population Division. Since the move, the Saharawi population has faced intense military repression — yet the Biden administration refuses to say whether it will reverse Trump's colonial handover of the territory. Several buildings, including a TV station, were also set on fire. The SADR government whose troops also patrol the area have proclaimed a village in the area, Bir Lehlou and Tifariti, as SADR's former and actual temporary factual capitals. It presents weapons, vehicles and uniforms, as well as abundant documentation history. It was rejected by both sides, although it was initially derived from a Moroccan proposal. Other early inhabitants of Western Sahara may be the Bafour[18] and later the Serer. The UN and the Western Sahara Dispute", Fanack.com independent website that provides non-partisan facts and analysis of the MENA region, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&oldid=1013887350, Arabic-speaking countries and territories, Spanish-speaking countries and territories, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2011, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2007, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2013, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018, Articles with failed verification from February 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2017, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Irene Fernández-Molina and Matthew Porges. At times, a cool off-shore current can produce fog and heavy dew. The precise size and composition of the population is subject to political controversy. Aside from its rich fishing waters and phosphate reserves, Western Sahara has few natural resources and lacks sufficient rainfall and freshwater resources for most agricultural activities. UN Security Council, "Deadly Clashes as Morocco Breaks Up Western Sahara Camp", "New expulsions of Spanish citizens from Western Sahara", "Deadly Clashes Stall Western Sahara-Morocco Peace Talks", "Morocco Suffers Legal Setback As EU Official Declares Western Sahara 'Not Part of Morocco, "UN Document Says Morocco Violated Western Sahara Cease-Fire", "Morocco latest country to normalise ties with Israel in US-brokered deal", "Morocco recognized the United States in 1777. Over roughly five centuries, through a complex process of acculturation and mixing seen elsewhere in the Maghreb and North Africa, some of the indigenous Berber tribes mixed with the Maqil Arab tribes and formed a culture unique to Morocco and Mauritania. [118] During Spanish colonial rule, Sahrawi women actively provided financial and physical support to the resistance movements during the 1930s, 1950s, and the late 1960s. Morocco Vaccinates 10% Of Population With Two Shots Against COVID-19. Demonstrations and riots by supporters of independence or a referendum broke out in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara in May 2005 and in parts of southern Morocco (notably the town of Assa). They are of mixed Arab-Berber descent, but claim descent from the Beni Hassan, an Arab tribe that migrated across the desert in the 11th century. Bluff et petites manœuvres, "La "Répudiation massive" de l'Algérie des colonels! [95][failed verification], UN sponsored peace talks, the first in six years between Morocco and Polisario, were held in Geneva on 5 December 2018, with both sides agreeing to meet again in a few months for further talks.[96][97]. Country's Share of World Pop: Total population in the country as a percentage of total World Population as of July 1 of the year indicated. [19] During Marinid dynasty rule, the Beni Hassan rebelled but were defeated by the Sultan and escaped beyond the Saguia el-Hamra dry river. A negative number means that there are more emigrants than immigrants. It also controls the part of Western Sahara to the east of the Moroccan Wall, known as the liberated territories. For forecasted years, the U.N. medium-fertility variant is used. Occupied by Spain until 1975, Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963 after a Moroccan demand. 15 DT-2004. Morocco has been repeatedly criticized for its actions in Western Sahara by international human rights organizations including: The POLISARIO has received criticism from the French organization France Libertes on its treatment of Moroccan prisoners of war,[78] and on its general behaviour in the Tindouf refugee camps in reports by the Belgian commercial counseling society ESISC. Western Sahara population is equivalent to 0.01% of the total world population. The Polisario-controlled parts of Western Sahara are barren. [123] Notable poets include: Al Khadra Mabrook, Hadjatu Aliat Swelm, Beyibouh El Haj. 43 (April 2012), p.22", "Representing Sahrawi Refugees' 'Educational Displacement' to Cuba: Self-Sufficient Agents of Manipulated Victims of Conflict? [79][80] Social anthropologist of the Sahara Desert, Konstantina Isidoros, said that in both 2005 and 2008, ESISC issued two near-identical reports proclaiming distorted truths that Polisario is evolving to new fears terrorism,[clarification needed] radical Islamism or international crime. Occupied by Spain until 1975, Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963 after a Moroccan demand. Yearly % Change: For 2019: percentage change in total population over the last year (from July 1, 2018 to June 30 2019). Major Sahrawi political events, such as Polisario congresses and sessions of the Sahrawi National Council (the SADR parliament in exile) are held in the Free Zone (especially in Tifariti and Bir Lehlou), since it is politically and symbolically important to conduct political affairs on Sahrawi territory. The earliest known inhabitants of Western Sahara were the Gaetuli. Western Sahara's much-touted phosphate reserves are relatively unimportant, representing less than two percent of proven phosphate reserves in Morocco. ", This page was last edited on 24 March 2021, at 00:26. Among the most arid and inhospitable on the planet, the land along the coast is low flat desert and rises, especially in the north, to small mountains reaching up to 600 metres (2,000 ft) on the eastern side. [citation needed] During the annual celebration of Muhammad's birthday, these lords paid their respects to the caliph to show loyalty to the Moroccan monarchy. [11] In both instances, recognitions have, over the past two decades, been extended and withdrawn back and forth, depending on the development of relations with Morocco. Dozens of Sahrawi people are mutilated or killed by landmines every year, and most of the population is confined in … In late 2009, Moroccan troops performed military maneuvers near Umm Dreiga, in the exclusion zone, violating the cease-fire. [113] The program itself allows 7,000 to 10,000 Sahrawi children between the ages of 8 and 12 the opportunity to live in Spain for the summer outside of the refugee camps. Instead, the African Union participates with the United Nations mission, in order to maintain a ceasefire and reach a peace agreement between its two members. This event led to the introduction of graffiti art to the camps, and popular graffiti artists have come to the workshop to work with refugees. As of 2010[update], negotiations over terms have not resulted in any substantive action. The stalemating of the Moroccan proposal options has led the UN in the recent "Report of the UN Secretary-General" to ask the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution. [citation needed] Certain powers, such as the capacity to appoint the government and to dissolve parliament, remain in the hands of the monarch. The United Nations considers it to be a "non-self-governing territory". the Spanish census). [98] Fuel is sold at half the price, and basic goods are heavily subsidized;[98] businesses operating in the territory do not pay taxes. [44] The Moroccan government views it as a no-man's land patrolled by UN troops. Many of them have mixed Berber-Arab heritage, effectively continuations of the tribal groupings of Hassaniya-speaking and Zenaga-Berber speaking Moorish tribes extending south into Mauritania and north into Morocco as well as east into Algeria. Moroccan officials said five security personnel had been killed in the unrest. One of Donald Trump's last decisions in office was a squalid diplomatic deal with Morocco, granting US recognition of its occupation of Western Sahara in exchange for Moroccan recognition of Israel. As a consequence, Ahmed Belbachir Haskouri, the Chief of Cabinet, General Secretary of the Government of Spanish Morocco, cooperated with the Spanish to select governors in that area. The Western Sahara conflict is an ongoing conflict between the Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco.The conflict originated from an insurgency by the Polisario Front against Spanish colonial forces from 1973 to 1975 and the subsequent Western Sahara War against Morocco between 1975 and 1991. The contemporary history of the territory has experienced long-term international presence and occupation that has deeply influenced the cultural practices of the people, such as languages spoken throughout the territory and its institutions. [103] The opinion was rendered following an analysis of relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations General Assembly resolutions, the case law of the International Court of Justice and the practice of sovereign states. [21] After an agreement among the European colonial powers at the Berlin Conference in 1884 on the division of spheres of influence in Africa, Spain seized control of Western Sahara and established it as a Spanish colony. The original clan-/tribe-based society underwent a massive social upheaval in 1975 when the war forced part of the population to settle in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria, where they remain. Sovereignty over Western Sahara is contested between Morocco and the Polisario Front and its legal status remains unresolved. These negotiations would define the exact limits of a Western Sahara autonomy under Moroccan rule but only after Morocco's "inalienable right" to the territory was recognized as a precondition to the talks. In 2005, MINURSO lodged a complaint to the Security Council of the United Nations for "military maneuvers with real fire which extends to restricted areas" by Morocco.
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